The last major pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague was in 1665/1666, the year of the Great Fire of London. There are stories that the fire was somehow responsible, but, the real reason is a lot less romantic.
The plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, is carried fleas that live on the Norwegian black rat. This species of rat was very common in Medieval England and it lived amongst people and their livestock in towns and villages. The rats were unaffected by the flea bits or by the bacteria, but when their fleas jumped off them on off on to people, the disease spread.
The end of the plague was brought about by the demise of the black rat. In the 1660s, a new species of rat, the brown rat was introduced into Europe and it rapidly overran the territory, ousting the black rat. Fortunately for the human population, the brown rat did not carry the fleas that bore the plague infection, so the cycle was broken.
The plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, is carried fleas that live on the Norwegian black rat. This species of rat was very common in Medieval England and it lived amongst people and their livestock in towns and villages. The rats were unaffected by the flea bits or by the bacteria, but when their fleas jumped off them on off on to people, the disease spread.
The end of the plague was brought about by the demise of the black rat. In the 1660s, a new species of rat, the brown rat was introduced into Europe and it rapidly overran the territory, ousting the black rat. Fortunately for the human population, the brown rat did not carry the fleas that bore the plague infection, so the cycle was broken.