It probably depends on the school system you are in, and the policy of the school itself - but my assumption would be that yes, a teacher would be notified if you had appealed a grade given to you.
If it was a grade received by an examination board, and that teacher was responsible for instructing you and preparing you to pass that exam, then your teacher might be notified because they are usually assessed on pass rates of students that they teach - so it would be important to them what your final grade is.
If you are appealing a grade that the teacher themselves handed down to you, then the appeal may come to them to decide - so, again, they'd need to be informed.
The best thing to do would be to verify with the body you are appealing to exactly what information is disclosed about your appeal, and who it's shared with.
It may also be worth speaking to your teacher about the appeal beforehand. They might be able to provide advice or insight into the matter too.